1. What’s the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()? Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output.
2. What methods are fired during the page load? Init() - when the page is instantiated Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory PreRender() - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML Unload() - when page finishes loading.
3. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available? After the Init() and before the Page_Load(), or OnLoad() for a control.
4. What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy? System.Web.UI.Page
5. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale? System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
6. What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" andSrc="MyCode.aspx.cs"? CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
7. What’s a bubbled event? When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.
8. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver for a certain button. Where do you add an event handler? Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button. Example: btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onmouseover","someClientCodeHere();");
9. What data types do the RangeValidator control support? Integer, String, and Date.
10. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code? Server-side code executes on the server. Client-side code executes in the client's browser.
11. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class? The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server. However, during the code-behind's execution on the server, it can render client-side code such as JavaScript to be processed in the clients browser. But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.
12. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why? All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum. Additionally, client-side validation can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasable to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.
13. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other? Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server. Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url. Response.Redirect is used to redirect the user's browser to another page or site. This performas a trip back to the client where the client's browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.
14. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset? Valid answers are: • A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views. • A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source. • Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand. • There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet. • DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data. • You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation. • Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.
15. What is the Global.asax used for? The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level events.
16. What are the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for? This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.
17. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it? When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class. Example: With a base class named Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.
18. Whats an assembly? Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. Overview of assemblies from MSDN
19. Describe the difference between inline and code behind. Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.
20. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one? The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.
21. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all? MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL. MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compile the assembly on the installed computer.
22. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data? The Fill() method.
23. Can you edit data in the Repeater control? No, it just reads the information from its data source.
24. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control? ItemTemplate.
25. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control? Use the AlternatingItemTemplate.
26. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from a data source to the Repeater control? You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind method.
27. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from? The Page class.
28. Name two properties common in every validation control? ControlToValidate property and Text property.
29. Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box? DataTextField property.
30. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched? CompareValidator control.
31. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain? It can contain many classes.
What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class? Server-side code.
we can write client side code in code-behind calss like button1.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver", "window.open('webform1.aspx')")
The questions and answers in this article are quite useful in an interview. But i am not satisfied by the answer to Q No.14. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?
My answer will be The Response .Redirect () method can be used to redirect the browser to specified url, pointing to any resource and may contain query strings and causes an extra roundtrip
Server.Transfer() performs server side redirection of the page avoiding extra roundtrip.
Server.Transfer() is preferred over Response.Redirect to avoid rountrip but the limitation is the aspx page should reside on same web server
6. What is CLS (Common Language Specificaiton)? It provides the set of specificaiton which has to be adhered by any new language writer / Compiler writer for .NET Framework. This ensures Interoperability. For example: Within a ASP.NET application written in C#.NET language, we can refer to any DLL written in any other language supported by .NET Framework. As of now .NET Supports around 32 languages.
2) What is CTS (Common Type System)? It defines about how Objects should be declard, defined and used within .NET. CLS is the subset of CTS.
3) What is Boxing and UnBoxing? Boxing is implicit conversion of ValueTypes to Reference Types (Object) . UnBoxing is explicit conversion of Reference Types (Object) to its equivalent ValueTypes. It requires type-casting.
4) What is the difference between Value Types and Reference Types? Value Types uses Stack to store the data where as the later uses the Heap to store the data.
5) What are the different types of assemblies available and their purpose? Private, Public/shared and Satellite Assemblies.
Private Assemblies : Assembly used within an application is known as private assemblies
Public/shared Assemblies : Assembly which can be shared across applicaiton is known as shared assemblies. Strong Name has to be created to create a shared assembly. This can be done using SN.EXE. The same has to be registered using GACUtil.exe (Global Assembly Cache).
Satellite Assemblies : These assemblies contain resource files pertaining to a locale (Culture+Language). These assemblies are used in deploying an Gloabl applicaiton for different languages.
6) Is String is Value Type or Reference Type in C#? String is an object (Reference Type).
3. What is "delegation" in c# ? actualy delegates in c# are just like function pointers in c++,the best example is ado.net where sql command works as a deligte because it provide the functonality of three metods 1.Execute Reader():-reads the command 2.Execute Nonquery() :like insert, update and returns 0 0r -1 3.Execut Scaler():calculation perpose like max,avg. we pass only exact parameters same as metod to the delegate to get the result process by the exact method.any comment u can write me
1What is the purpose of XSLT other than displaying XML contents in HTML? In order to present XML documents or data to the user in an attractive way in browser, mobile phone or PDF format, the original data must first be converted to the necessary formats. This is the purpose of XSLT as part of the style component of XML.
2. How to refresh a static HTML page? document.forms[0].submit();
3. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE in SQL? TRUNCATE is a DDL command and cannot be rolled back. All of the memory space is released back to the server. DELETE is a DML command and can be rolled back. Both commands accomplish identical tasks (removing all data from a table), but TRUNCATE is much faster.
4. How to declare the XSLT document? xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
4. What are different types of assemblies in ASP.NET?
.NetAssembly
The .NET assembly is the standard for components developed with the Microsoft.NET. Dot NET assemblies may or may not be executable, i.e., they might exist as the executable (.exe) file or dynamic link library (DLL) file. All the .NET assemblies contain the definition of types, versioning information for the type, meta-data, and manifest. The designers of .NET have worked a lot on the component (assembly) resolution. There are two kind of assemblies in .NET; • private • shared Private assemblies are simple and copied with each calling assemblies in the calling assemblies folder. Shared assemblies (also called strong named assemblies) are copied to a single location (usually the Global assembly cache). For all calling assemblies within the same application, the same copy of the shared assembly is used from its original location. Hence, shared assemblies are not copied in the private folders of each calling assembly. Each shared assembly has a four part name including its face name, version, public key token and culture information. The public key token and version information makes it almost impossible for two different assemblies with the same name or for two similar assemblies with different version to mix with each other. An assembly can be a single file or it may consist of the multiple files. In case of multi-file, there is one master module containing the manifest while other assemblies exist as non-manifest modules. A module in .NET is a sub part of a multi-file .NET assembly. Assembly is one of the most interesting and extremely useful areas of .NET architecture along with reflections and attributes, but unfortunately very few people take interest in learning such theoretical looking topics. What are the basic components of .NET platform? The basic components of .NET platform (framework) are: .Net Applications (Win Forms,Web Applications,Web Services) Data(ADO.Net) and XML Library FrameWork Class Library(FCL) (IO,Streams,Sockets,Security,Reflection,UI) Common Language Runtime(CLR) (Debugger,Type Checker,JITer,GC) Operating System (Windows,Linux,UNIX,Macintosh,etc.,) Common Language Runtime (CLR): The most important part of the .NET Framework is the .Net Common Language Runtime (CLR) also called .Net Runtime in short. It is a framework layer that resides above the Operating System and handles/manages the execution of the .NET applications. Our .Net programs don't directly communicate with the Operating System but through CLR. MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) Code: When we compile our .Net Program using any .Net compliant language like (C#, VB.NET, C++.NET) it does not get converted into the executable binary code but to an intermediate code, called MSIL or IL in short, understandable by CLR. MSIL is an OS and H/w independent code. When the program needs to be executed, this MSIL or intermediate code is converted to binary executable code, called native code. The presence of IL makes it possible the Cross Language Relationship as all the .Net compliant languages produce the similar standard IL code. Just In Time Compilers (JITers): When our IL compiled code needs to be executed, CLR invokes JIT compilers which compile the IL code to native executable code (.exe or .dll) for the specific machine and OS. JITers in many ways are different from traditional compilers as they, as their name suggests, compile the IL to native code only when desired e.g., when a function is called, IL of function's body is converted to native code; just in time of need. So, the part of code that is not used by particular run is not converted to native code. If some IL code is converted to native code then the next time when its needed to be used, the CLR uses the same copy without re-compiling. So, if a program runs for sometime, then it won't have any just in time performance penalty. As JITers are aware of processor and OS exactly at runtime, they can optimize the code extremely efficiently resulting in very robust applications. Also, since JITer knows the exact current state of executable code, they can also optimize the code by in-lining small function calls (like replacing body of small function when its called in a loop, saving the function call time). Although, Microsoft stated that C# and .Net are not competing with languages like C++ in efficiency, speed of execution, JITers can make your code even faster than C++ code in some cases when program is run over extended period of time (like web-servers). Framework Class Library (FCL): .NET Framework provides huge set of Framework (or Base) Class Library (FCL) for common, usual tasks. FCL contains thousands of classes to provide the access to Windows API and common functions like String Manipulation, Common Data Structures, IO, Streams, Threads, Security, Network Programming, Windows Programming, Web Programming, Data Access, etc. It is simply the largest standard library ever shipped with any development environment or programming language. The best part of this library is they follow extremely efficient OO design (design patterns) making their access and use very simple and predictable. You can use the classes in FCL in your program just as you use any other class and can even apply inheritance and polymorphism on these. Common Language Specification (CLS): Earlier we used the term '.NET Compliant Language' and stated that all the .NET compliant languages can make use of CLR and FCL. But what makes a language '.NET compliant language'? The answer is Common Language Specification (CLS). Microsoft has released a small set of specification that each language should meet to qualify as a .NET Compliant Language. As IL is a very rich language, it is not necessary for a language to implement all the IL functionality, rather it meets the small subset of it, CLS, to qualify as a .NET compliant language, which is the reason why so many languages (procedural and OO) are now running under .Net umbrella. CLS basically addresses to language design issues and lays certain standards like there should be no global function declaration, no pointers, no multiple inheritance and things like that. The important point to note here is that if you keep your code within CLS boundary, your code is guaranteed to be usable in any other .Net language. Common Type System (CTS): .NET also defines a Common Type System (CTS). Like CLS, CTS is also a set of standards. CTS defines the basic data types that IL understands. Each .NET compliant language should map its data types to these standard data types. This makes it possible for the 2 languages to communicate with each other by passing/receiving parameters to/from each other. For example, CTS defines a type Int32, an integral data type of 32 bits (4 bytes) which is mapped by C# through int and VB.Net through its Integer data type. Garbage Collector (GC): CLR also contains Garbage Collector (GC) which runs in a low-priority thread and checks for un-referenced dynamically allocated memory space. If it finds some data that is no more referenced by any variable/reference, it re-claims it and returns the occupied memory back to the Operating System; so that it can be used by other programs as necessary. The presence of standard Garbage Collector frees the programmer from keeping track of dangling data.
3 comments:
1.What’s the difference between Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write()?
2. What methods are fired during the page load?
1. What’s the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?
Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output.
2. What methods are fired during the page load?
Init() - when the page is instantiated
Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory
PreRender() - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML
Unload() - when page finishes loading.
3. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?
After the Init() and before the Page_Load(), or OnLoad() for a control.
4. What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
System.Web.UI.Page
5. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale?
System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
6. What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" andSrc="MyCode.aspx.cs"?
CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
7. What’s a bubbled event?
When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.
8. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver for a certain button. Where do you add an event handler?
Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button. Example: btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onmouseover","someClientCodeHere();");
9. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?
Integer, String, and Date.
10. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?
Server-side code executes on the server. Client-side code executes in the client's browser.
11. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server. However, during the code-behind's execution on the server, it can render client-side code such as JavaScript to be processed in the clients browser. But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.
12. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why?
All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum. Additionally, client-side validation can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasable to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.
13. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server. Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url. Response.Redirect is used to redirect the user's browser to another page or site. This performas a trip back to the client where the client's browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.
14. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?
Valid answers are:
• A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
• A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
• Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
• There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
• DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
• You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
• Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.
15. What is the Global.asax used for?
The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level events.
16. What are the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for?
This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.
17. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class. Example: With a base class named Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.
18. Whats an assembly?
Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. Overview of assemblies from MSDN
19. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.
Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.
20. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?
The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.
21. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL. MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compile the assembly on the installed computer.
22. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
The Fill() method.
23. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?
No, it just reads the information from its data source.
24. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
ItemTemplate.
25. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
Use the AlternatingItemTemplate.
26. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from a data source to the Repeater control?
You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind method.
27. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?
The Page class.
28. Name two properties common in every validation control?
ControlToValidate property and Text property.
29. Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
DataTextField property.
30. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
CompareValidator control.
31. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
It can contain many classes.
What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class? Server-side code.
we can write client side code in code-behind calss like
button1.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver", "window.open('webform1.aspx')")
The questions and answers in this article are quite useful
in an interview.
But i am not satisfied by the answer to
Q No.14. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?
My answer will be
The Response .Redirect () method can be used to redirect the browser to specified url, pointing to any resource and may contain query strings and causes an extra roundtrip
Server.Transfer() performs server side redirection of the page avoiding extra roundtrip.
Server.Transfer() is preferred over Response.Redirect to avoid rountrip but the limitation is the aspx page should reside on same web server
6. What is CLS (Common Language Specificaiton)?
It provides the set of specificaiton which has to be adhered by any new language writer / Compiler writer for .NET Framework. This ensures Interoperability. For example: Within a ASP.NET application written in C#.NET language, we can refer to any DLL written in any other language supported by .NET Framework. As of now .NET Supports around 32 languages.
2) What is CTS (Common Type System)?
It defines about how Objects should be declard, defined and used within .NET. CLS is the subset of CTS.
3) What is Boxing and UnBoxing?
Boxing is implicit conversion of ValueTypes to Reference Types (Object) .
UnBoxing is explicit conversion of Reference Types (Object) to its equivalent ValueTypes. It requires type-casting.
4) What is the difference between Value Types and Reference Types?
Value Types uses Stack to store the data where as the later uses the Heap to store the data.
5) What are the different types of assemblies available and their purpose?
Private, Public/shared and Satellite Assemblies.
Private Assemblies : Assembly used within an application is known as private assemblies
Public/shared Assemblies : Assembly which can be shared across applicaiton is known as shared assemblies. Strong Name has to be created to create a shared assembly. This can be done using SN.EXE. The same has to be registered using GACUtil.exe (Global Assembly Cache).
Satellite Assemblies : These assemblies contain resource files pertaining to a locale (Culture+Language). These assemblies are used in deploying an Gloabl applicaiton for different languages.
6) Is String is Value Type or Reference Type in C#?
String is an object (Reference Type).
3. What is "delegation" in c# ?
actualy delegates in c# are just like function pointers in c++,the best example is ado.net where sql command works as a deligte because it provide the functonality of three metods
1.Execute Reader():-reads the command
2.Execute Nonquery() :like insert, update and returns 0 0r -1
3.Execut Scaler():calculation perpose like max,avg.
we pass only exact parameters same as metod to the delegate to get the result process by the exact method.any comment u can write me
1What is the purpose of XSLT other than displaying XML contents in HTML?
In order to present XML documents or data to the user in an attractive way in browser, mobile phone or PDF format, the original data must first be converted to the necessary formats. This is the purpose of XSLT as part of the style component of XML.
2. How to refresh a static HTML page?
document.forms[0].submit();
3. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE in SQL?
TRUNCATE is a DDL command and cannot be rolled back. All of the memory space is released back to the server.
DELETE is a DML command and can be rolled back.
Both commands accomplish identical tasks (removing all data from a table), but TRUNCATE is much faster.
4. How to declare the XSLT document?
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
4. What are different types of assemblies in ASP.NET?
.NetAssembly
The .NET assembly is the standard for components developed with the Microsoft.NET. Dot NET assemblies may or may not be executable, i.e., they might exist as the executable (.exe) file or dynamic link library (DLL) file. All the .NET assemblies contain the definition of types, versioning information for the type, meta-data, and manifest. The designers of .NET have worked a lot on the component (assembly) resolution.
There are two kind of assemblies in .NET;
• private
• shared
Private assemblies are simple and copied with each calling assemblies in the calling assemblies folder.
Shared assemblies (also called strong named assemblies) are copied to a single location (usually the Global assembly cache). For all calling assemblies within the same application, the same copy of the shared assembly is used from its original location. Hence, shared assemblies are not copied in the private folders of each calling assembly. Each shared assembly has a four part name including its face name, version, public key token and culture information. The public key token and version information makes it almost impossible for two different assemblies with the same name or for two similar assemblies with different version to mix with each other.
An assembly can be a single file or it may consist of the multiple files. In case of multi-file, there is one master module containing the manifest while other assemblies exist as non-manifest modules. A module in .NET is a sub part of a multi-file .NET assembly. Assembly is one of the most interesting and extremely useful areas of .NET architecture along with reflections and attributes, but unfortunately very few people take interest in learning such theoretical looking topics.
What are the basic components of .NET platform?
The basic components of .NET platform (framework) are:
.Net Applications
(Win Forms,Web Applications,Web Services)
Data(ADO.Net) and XML Library
FrameWork Class Library(FCL)
(IO,Streams,Sockets,Security,Reflection,UI)
Common Language Runtime(CLR)
(Debugger,Type Checker,JITer,GC)
Operating System
(Windows,Linux,UNIX,Macintosh,etc.,)
Common Language Runtime (CLR):
The most important part of the .NET Framework is the .Net Common Language Runtime (CLR) also called .Net Runtime in short. It is a framework layer that resides above the Operating System and handles/manages the execution of the .NET applications. Our .Net programs don't directly communicate with the Operating System but through CLR.
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) Code:
When we compile our .Net Program using any .Net compliant language like (C#, VB.NET, C++.NET) it does not get converted into the executable binary code but to an intermediate code, called MSIL or IL in short, understandable by CLR. MSIL is an OS and H/w independent code. When the program needs to be executed, this MSIL or intermediate code is converted to binary executable code, called native code. The presence of IL makes it possible the Cross Language Relationship as all the .Net compliant languages produce the similar standard IL code.
Just In Time Compilers (JITers):
When our IL compiled code needs to be executed, CLR invokes JIT compilers which compile the IL code to native executable code (.exe or .dll) for the specific machine and OS. JITers in many ways are different from traditional compilers as they, as their name suggests, compile the IL to native code only when desired e.g., when a function is called, IL of function's body is converted to native code; just in time of need. So, the part of code that is not used by particular run is not converted to native code. If some IL code is converted to native code then the next time when its needed to be used, the CLR uses the same copy without re-compiling. So, if a program runs for sometime, then it won't have any just in time performance penalty. As JITers are aware of processor and OS exactly at runtime, they can optimize the code extremely efficiently resulting in very robust applications. Also, since JITer knows the exact current state of executable code, they can also optimize the code by in-lining small function calls (like replacing body of small function when its called in a loop, saving the function call time). Although, Microsoft stated that C# and .Net are not competing with languages like C++ in efficiency, speed of execution, JITers can make your code even faster than C++ code in some cases when program is run over extended period of time (like web-servers).
Framework Class Library (FCL):
.NET Framework provides huge set of Framework (or Base) Class Library (FCL) for common, usual tasks. FCL contains thousands of classes to provide the access to Windows API and common functions like String Manipulation, Common Data Structures, IO, Streams, Threads, Security, Network Programming, Windows Programming, Web Programming, Data Access, etc. It is simply the largest standard library ever shipped with any development environment or programming language. The best part of this library is they follow extremely efficient OO design (design patterns) making their access and use very simple and predictable. You can use the classes in FCL in your program just as you use any other class and can even apply inheritance and polymorphism on these.
Common Language Specification (CLS):
Earlier we used the term '.NET Compliant Language' and stated that all the .NET compliant languages can make use of CLR and FCL. But what makes a language '.NET compliant language'? The answer is Common Language Specification (CLS). Microsoft has released a small set of specification that each language should meet to qualify as a .NET Compliant Language. As IL is a very rich language, it is not necessary for a language to implement all the IL functionality, rather it meets the small subset of it, CLS, to qualify as a .NET compliant language, which is the reason why so many languages (procedural and OO) are now running under .Net umbrella. CLS basically addresses to language design issues and lays certain standards like there should be no global function declaration, no pointers, no multiple inheritance and things like that. The important point to note here is that if you keep your code within CLS boundary, your code is guaranteed to be usable in any other .Net language.
Common Type System (CTS):
.NET also defines a Common Type System (CTS). Like CLS, CTS is also a set of standards. CTS defines the basic data types that IL understands. Each .NET compliant language should map its data types to these standard data types. This makes it possible for the 2 languages to communicate with each other by passing/receiving parameters to/from each other. For example, CTS defines a type Int32, an integral data type of 32 bits (4 bytes) which is mapped by C# through int and VB.Net through its Integer data type.
Garbage Collector (GC):
CLR also contains Garbage Collector (GC) which runs in a low-priority thread and checks for un-referenced dynamically allocated memory space. If it finds some data that is no more referenced by any variable/reference, it re-claims it and returns the occupied memory back to the Operating System; so that it can be used by other programs as necessary. The presence of standard Garbage Collector frees the programmer from keeping track of dangling data.
Post a Comment